https://snowballsolarsystem.com/two-epochs-of-baryonic-dark-matter-with-free-floating-super-puff-like-planets-as-the-second-and-present-epoch/https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/rar-graph.pngRAR graphFigure 1: "Radial acceleration relation for LTGs [late type galaxies]. The total gravitational field (gobs) is derived at every radius from the rotation curve, while the baryonic gravitational field (gbar) is calculated from the distribution of stars and gas." From Lelli et al. (2017)https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/the-kepler-51-planetary-system.pngThe Kepler-51 Planetary SystemTable 2: Super puff planets of Kepler-51, from (Masuda 2014) & (Libby-Roberts et al. 2019)2026-03-16T04:11:41+00:00weekly0.6https://snowballsolarsystem.com/dwarf-planet-and-comet-differentation/https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/12.jpg12Figure 12<br />Dramatic fold in Wissahickon Valley Park. Kennedy half dollar for scale.https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/14.jpgFigure 11<br />Convolute folding in Wissahickon Valley Park. Kennedy half dollar for scale.https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/chelan-migmatite-complex1.jpgChelan migmatite complex1Figure 10<br />Chelan Migmatite Complex, North Cascade Mountains, Washington state. Single frame from the Nick Zentner video, "Chelan Migmatite Complex", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wt2jNr6tilQhttps://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/chelan-migmatite-complex.pngChelan migmatite complexFigure 10<br />Chelan Migmatite Complex, North Cascade Mountains, Washington state. Single frame from the Nick Zentner video, "Chelan Migmatite Complex", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wt2jNr6tilQhttps://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/serpentine-talc-rock_4.jpgSerpentine-talc rock_4Figure 10<br />Two-toned 'serpentine-talc rock' from the Bells Mill Road ultramafic body, with 1–10 cm black serpentine inclusions in a gray talc matrix. From Bells Mill Road in Wissahickon Valley Park.https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/pa-bedrock-map-berg-1980_2.pngPA Bedrock Map, Berg (1980)_2Figure 9<br />A portion of Type Wissahickon Formation, showing the Springfield granodiorite pluton "Xgr" (Granitic Gneiss and Granite) and "Xmgh" (Mafic Gneiss, Hornblende-Bearing), in relation to the overlying ultramafic bodies "Xs" (Serpentinite). (Berg et al., 1980)https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/pinch-and-swell-boudinage1.jpgPinch and swell boudinage1Figure 10<br /> Chert specimens from Wissahickon Creek in Philadelphia that may be segments of pinch and sell boudinage.https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/wissahickon-formation-pegmatite.jpgWissahickon formation pegmatiteFigure 13<br /> Pegmatite cobbles from Wissahickon Formation<br />Found along Wissahickon Creek, Philadelphia.https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/quartzite-feeder-root_1.5.jpgQuartzite feeder root_1.5Figure 10<br /> 'Peculiar quartzite' specimens, showcasing the variety in size, surface texture, compositional texture, cross sectional shapes, and colors.<br />Found along Wissahickon Creek, Philadelphia.https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/hydrothermal-quartzite-plugs.jpgHydrothermal quartzite plugsFigure 10<br /> 'Peculiar quartzite' specimens, showcasing the variety in size, surface texture, compositional texture, cross sectional shapes, and colors.<br />Found along Wissahickon Creek, Philadelphia.2026-03-11T03:40:57+00:00weekly0.6https://snowballsolarsystem.com/2013/06/09/revolutionary-solar-system-ideology/https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/two-epochs.1-diagram.drawio.pngTwo epochs.1 Diagram.drawiohttps://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/flowchart.1.pngFlowchart.1https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/cometary-knots-of-helix-nebula.pngCometary knots of Helix NebulaCometary knots of the Helix nebula as the modern analog of primordial 'ultra puff' dark matter, formed in primordial dwarf galaxies.https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/tno_1.jpgTNO_1https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/terrestrial-volatility-trend.jpgTerrestrial Volatility TrendTerrestrial Volatility Trend Note: Siderophile and chalcophile elements are sequestered in Earth's core by various degrees and therefore depleted in the mantle2025-08-23T03:48:17+00:00monthlyhttps://snowballsolarsystem.com/planets-moons-dwarf-planets-and-planetesimals/https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/quadrupole-potential_1-1.pngQuadrupole potential_1Equation 1: The quadrupole potential of a binary orbithttps://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/quadrupole-potential_1.pngQuadrupole potential_1The quadrupole potential of a binary orbithttps://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/4.2-billion-year-old-ages-from-apollo-16-17-and-the-lunar-farside-age-of-the-south-pole-aitken-basin-table-1.png4.2 BILLION YEAR OLD AGES FROM APOLLO 16, 17, AND THE LUNAR FARSIDE; AGE OF THE SOUTH POLE-AITKEN BASIN -Table 1Figure 4: Evidence of an ancient lunar impact comes from Table 1 of Garrick-Bethell et al. (2008), with an inverse-variance weighted mean value of 4.229 Ga ± 0.008 Ga. This early impact provides evidence for a short-duration early pulse of a bimodal late heavy bombardment, which is a requirement for this alternative clockwork model of the solar system.<br />References: * Garrick-Bethell et al., (2008). [3] Takeda, H., et al. (2006) EPSL 247, 171. [4] Nyquist, L.E., et al. (2006) GCA 70, 5990. [7] Lugmair, G.W., et al. (1976) PLSC 7th, 2009. [8] Premo, W.R. and M. Tatsumoto (1992) LPSC 22nd, 381. [9] Huneke, J.C. and G.J. Wasserburg (1975) LPI VI, 417. [10] Schaeffer, O.A. and L. Husain (1974) PLSC 5th, 1541. [11] Norman, M.D., et al., LPSC 38th, 2007, abs. 1991. [12] Turner, G. and P.H. Cadogan (1975) LPSC 6th, 1509. [13] Oberli, F., et al (1979) LPI X, 490. [14] Aeschlimann, U., et al. (1982) LPI 13, 1-2. [15] Nyquist, L.E., et al. (1982) PLSC 12th, 67. https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/a-preponderance-of-perpendicular-planets-2021_figure-5-c.pngA Preponderance of Perpendicular Planets (2021)_figure 5 cFigure 3: Bimodal distribution of hot Jupiters by obliquity, from (Albrecht et al., 2021)https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/exoplanet-mass-vs.-orbital-period_20.pngExoplanet mass vs. orbital period_20Figure 2: Log-log plot of planetary mass as a function of orbital period: <br />- Red lines: Relative desert of giant planets with an orbital period of 10–100 days, separating hot Jupiters from cold Jupiters <br />- Purple line: Relative desert of giant planets with a mass of 4 Mj <br />- Black dashed line segments, meeting at a right angle: outlines the planetary desert <br />- Black lines with arrowheads: indicates formational mass and resulting mass <br />Image credit: Modified from Mazeh, Holczer and Faigler, A&A 589, A75 (2016), Fig.1https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/exoplanet-mass-vs.-orbital-period_8.pngExoplanet mass vs. orbital period_8Figure 2: Log-log plot of planetary mass as a function of orbital period: <br />- Red lines: Relative desert of giant planets with an orbital period of 10–100 days, separating hot Jupiters from cold Jupiters <br />- Purple line: Relative desert of giant planets with a mass of 4 Mj <br />- Blue line: Diagonal line indicating the relative lower boundary of the hot Jupiter population <br />- Quadrant A: Prestellar Asymmetrical FFF <br />- Quadrant B: Protostellar Asymmetrical FFF <br />- Quadrant C: Prestellar Symmetrical FFF <br />- Quadrant D: Protostellar Symmetrical FFF <br />Image credit: Modified from Mazeh, Holczer and Faigler, A&A 589, A75 (2016), Fig.1https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/exoplanet-mass-vs.-orbital-period_6.pngExoplanet mass vs. orbital period_6Figure 2: Log-log plot of planetary mass as a function of orbital period: <br />- Red lines: Relative desert of giant planets with an orbital period of 10–100 days, separating hot Jupiters from cold Jupiters <br />- Purple line: Relative desert of giant planets with a mass of 4 Mj <br />- Blue line: Diagonal line indicating the relative lower boundary of the hot Jupiter population <br />- Quadrant A: Prestellar Asymmetrical FFF <br />- Quadrant B: Protostellar Asymmetrical FFF <br />- Quadrant C: Prestellar Symmetrical FFF <br />- Quadrant D: Protostellar Symmetrical FFF <br />Image credit: Modified from Mazeh, Holczer and Faigler, A&A 589, A75 (2016), Fig.1https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/neoproterozoic-glacial-origin-of-the-great-unconformity-fig.-1-1.pngNeoproterozoic glacial origin of the Great Unconformity, Fig. 1"Global preserved sedimentary rock volume increases by more than a factor of 5 across the Phanerozoic–Proterozoic boundary"<br /> From Fig. 1 of "Neoproterozoic glacial origin of the Great Unconformity" (Keller et al., 2019)https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/neoproterozoic-glacial-origin-of-the-great-unconformity-fig.-1.pngNeoproterozoic glacial origin of the Great Unconformity, Fig. 1"Global preserved sedimentary rock volume increases by more than a factor of 5 across the Phanerozoic–Proterozoic boundary"<br /> From Fig. 1 of "Neoproterozoic glacial origin of the Great Unconformity" (Keller et al., 2019)https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/relative-orbital-period-ratios-of-adjacent-super-earths-in-two-exoplanet-systems.jpgRelative orbital period ratios of adjacent super-Earths in two exoplanet systemsTable 1. Orbital period ratios of adjacent super-Earths. Note the greater orbital period ratio between the outermost adjacent super-Earth pairs (red) compared to inner adjacent super-Earth pairs (blue).2025-08-23T03:22:18+00:00weekly0.6https://snowballsolarsystem.com/boulder-fields-2/https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/figure-28.pngFigure 28Figure 28: Weathering rinds with shrinkage cracks on diabase boulders in woods surrounding the Ringing Rocks boulder field<br /> From Fackenthal (1919)https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/figure-27.pngFigure 27Figure 27: Sandstone boulder hollowed out by scouring<br /> From Hickory Run Boulder Fieldhttps://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/figure-24.pngFigure 24Figure 24: Diabase block with sharp corners and orange weathering rind<br /> From West Conshohocken, PAhttps://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/figure-23.pngFigure 23Figure 23: Diabase block with sharp corners and orange weathering rind<br /> From Calvary Cemetery, Montgomery County, PAhttps://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/figure-21.jpgFigure 21Figure 21: A Siberian mammoth tusk, showing craters from 7 magnetic particles, with arrows marking the direction of travel.<br /> From Firestone et al. (2006).https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/figure-16.jpgFigure 16Figure 16: Nodular brown rock scale on the surface of quartzite or quartz pegmatite<br /> Presumably from Stony Mountain north of Fort Indiantown Gap, PAhttps://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/figure-15.pngFigure 15Figure 15: Devonian sandstone, with nodular brown rock scale<br /> From Stony Mountain north of Fort Indiantown Gap, PA<br /> (40.48116, -76.62837)https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/figure-4.pngFigure 4Figure 4: Two remote blockfields in Hickory Run State Park that appear to be autochthonous blockfieldshttps://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/boulder-with-brown-rock-scale-resembing-induration.jpgBoulder with brown rock scale resembing indurationFigure 17: Boulder with smooth brown rock scale, resembling thick desert varnish<br />(40.23865, -76.29887)https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/hickory-run-cobble-with-brown-nodular-rock-scale.jpgHickory Run cobble with brown nodular rock scaleFigure 13: Smooth sandstone boulder with nodular brown rock scale<br /> From Hickory Run Boulder Field2024-09-16T00:48:41+00:00weekly0.6https://snowballsolarsystem.com/yd-impact-comet-crust/https://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/nastapoka-arc-supracrustal-rock.jpgNastapoka arc supracrustal rockConcentric ring of Proterozoic supracrustal rock along the east coast of the 450 km dia Nastaopka arc, tilted basinward 5 to 7 degreeshttps://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/spherules_4.jpgSpherules_4Shiny black spherules gleaned from whitish cement-like coating on the surface of suggested YD impact comet-crust meteoritehttps://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/spherules_1.jpgSpherules_1Shiny black spherules gleaned from whitish cement-like coating on the surface of suggested YD impact comet-crust meteoritehttps://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/spherule_2.jpgSpherule_2Shiny black spherule gleaned from whitish cement-like coating on the surface of suggested YD impact comet-crust meteoritehttps://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/spherules-in-cellular-matrix_2.jpgSpherules in cellular matrix_2Spherules embedded in cellular matrix gleaned from whitish cement-like coating on surface of suggested YD impact comet-crust meteoritehttps://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/b.jpghttps://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/eee.jpgEEEhttps://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/aaa.jpgAAAEarly colonial bloomery slag, early 18th centuryhttps://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ddd.jpgDDDhttps://snowballsolarsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ll.jpgLLSlag glass with spherules: Blast-furnace glass slag at 100x magnification, indicating the microscopic size of metallic-iron spherules suspended in the glass matrix. From Joanna Furnace (1791-1898).2024-08-25T03:20:41+00:00weekly0.6https://snowballsolarsystem.com/specific-kinetic-energy-of-comet-impacts/2020-12-27T22:05:29+00:00weekly0.6https://snowballsolarsystem.comdaily1.02026-03-16T04:11:41+00:00